Hematology is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood.

Microbiology is the scientific study of microorganisms, those being of unicellular, multicellular, or acellular. Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including virology, bacteriology, protistology, mycology, immunology, and parasitology

Immunological Concepts in Transfusion Medicine provides a thorough discussion of the immune aspects of blood component transfusion, with in-depth information on the intricacies of immune responses to blood components and the immune processes that may be initiated in response to blood exposure.

The immunological tests used in laboratories are made by producing artificial antibodies that exactly “match” the substance or germ in question. When these antibodies come into contact with a sample of blood, urine or stool, they bind to the matching substance or germ if found in the sample.

Surgical pathology is the most significant and time-consuming area of practice for most anatomical pathologists.

Cytology is the exam of a single cell type, as often found in fluid specimens. It's mainly used to diagnose or screen for cancer. It's also used to screen for fetal abnormalities, for pap smears, to diagnose infectious organisms, and in other screening and diagnostic areas.